Restricted software and hardware usage on a computer

ABSTRACT

A client computer runs an operating system that executes additional applications by loading them using an application loader and executes device drivers for peripheral devices by loading the drivers using a device loader. The operating system restricts the functionality of the operating system, such as by making selected portions and functionality of the operating system unavailable to the user or by limiting the user&#39;s ability to add software applications or device drivers to the computer. Additionally, various techniques can be used to remove or reduce the functionality limitations of the computer

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 09/568,095, filed May 9, 2000, which is hereby incorporated byreference herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to computers and operating systems. Moreparticularly, the invention relates to restricting usage of software andhardware on a computer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Computer technology is continually advancing, resulting in new computersthat are more powerful and cheaper than their predecessors. Suchadvancement has had a significant affect on people, expanding the typesof tasks people perform with their computers as well as increasing thenumber of people who use computers.

Many computers are currently manufactured with a general purpose “openarchitecture” operating system installed. An open architecture operatingsystem refers to an operating system that makes numerous functionsavailable to the user and also allows the user to modify the computer byinstalling additional software programs on the computer that provideadditional functionality to the user or by removing software programsfrom the computer. The operating system can make a wide variety offunctionality available to the user, such as recreational or educationalprograms, reference programs, productivity programs (such as wordprocessing or database functionality), communications programs, etc.

One problem inherent in open architecture systems is they are generallylicensed with complete use rights and/or functionality that may bebeyond the need or desire of the system purchaser. Consequentially, thepurchase price of these systems being indifferent to usage scenariosmeans users with limited needs pay the same rate for these systems asthose with universal needs.

An additional problem with open architecture systems is that virtuallyanyone can write an application that can be executed on the system. Someapplications or devices may not operate properly due to a problem withthe application or associated driver, yet many users associate suchproblems with the manufacturer of the system. Thus, it would bebeneficial to provide a way for the manufacturer of the system tocontrol the extensibility of the system.

The invention described below addresses these disadvantages by providingrestricted software and hardware usage on a computer.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to one aspect of the invention, a client computer runs anoperating system that executes applications by loading them using anapplication loader and executes device drivers for peripheral devices byloading the drivers using a device loader. The client computer alsoincludes a digest catalog that includes digital signatures for programfiles that can be executed by the client computer. When attempting toload an application or driver, the appropriate loader checks whether adigital signature for the corresponding program file(s) is included inthe digest catalog. If no such digital signature is included, then theloader does not load the program file(s) corresponding to theapplication or driver.

According to another aspect of the invention, the digest catalogincludes, for each program file corresponding to an application ordriver that should be executable by the computer, a digitally signedhash value that is generated from a hash function based on thecorresponding program file. When attempting to load a particular file,the loader generates a hash value and compares it to the decrypted hashvalues in the digest catalog. If the comparison results in no matches,then the corresponding program file (and thus the application or driver)is not loaded.

According to another aspect of the invention, a consumer initiallypurchases a computer with restricted functionality at a price that isless than the price that would be charged for a computer with fullfunctionality. Subsequently, the user can, at an additional cost,acquire a digital key that allows the restrictions to be removed,upgrading the computer to full functionality.

According to another aspect of the invention, a consumer can executeadditional applications or drivers on his or her computer by obtainingappropriate digital signatures for the additional applications ordrivers to add to the digest catalog. In exchange for payment, asoftware or hardware vendor will acquire a digital signature(s) for theappropriate program files from the supplier of the program files. Thedigital signature(s) will then be transmitted to the consumer inexchange for payment to the vendor. The digital signature(s) can then beadded to the digest catalog at the consumer's computer, so that the nexttime he or she attempts to execute the application or driver theappropriate signatures will be in the digest catalog and the programfiles will be loaded.

According to another aspect of the invention, a consumer can executeadditional applications or drivers on his or her computer by obtainingthe appropriate digital signatures for such applications or drivers fromthe same OEM (original equipment manufacturer) as manufactured theconsumer's computer. The consumer's computer executes only applicationsthat have in the digest catalog a digital signature of the OEM. Thus,the OEM can limit what additional applications are made available to theconsumer.

According to another aspect of the invention, the OEM maintains a digestcatalog that can be made available to the consumer's computer (eitherlocally at the computer or remotely). The consumer, in exchange forpayment, is given access to the digest catalog so that any applicationsfor which a corresponding digital signature exists in the OEM's digestcatalog can be executed at the client computer. The consumer can begiven a limited amount of time (e.g., one month or one year) withinwhich he or she can access the OEM's digest catalog.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention is illustrated by way of example and notlimitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings. The same numbersare used throughout the figures to reference like components and/orfeatures.

FIG. 1 shows a network system and environment in accordance with oneembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 shows a general example of a computer that can be used inaccordance with the invention.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating selected components of anexemplary client computer in more detail.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating the distribution of a sealedcomputer and the unlocking of restricted functionality in accordancewith one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary process for creating adigest catalog.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary process for using adigest catalog.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary process for unlockingrestricted functionality on a computer.

FIG. 8 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the distribution ofdigital signatures to add software applications and/or device drivers toa computer.

FIG. 9 is another exemplary flow diagram illustrating the distributionof digital signatures to add software applications and/or device driversto a computer.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating the remote storage of a digestcatalog in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 shows a network system and environment 100 in accordance with oneembodiment of the invention. Generally, the system 100 includes one ormore client or consumer computers 102, one or more suppliers 104, andcan optionally include one or more vendors 106 and one or more originalequipment manufacturers (OEMs) 108. Although illustrated as businessentities, suppliers 104, vendors 106, and OEMs 108 each include one ormore computers via which they can interact with network 110. Thecomputers 102, suppliers 104, vendors 106, and OEMs 108 communicate withone another over a data communications network. The data communicationsnetwork in FIG. 1 is a public network 110, such as the Internet. Thedata communications network might also include local-area networksand/or private wide-area networks, and can include both wired andwireless sections. Alternatively, one or more of computers 102,suppliers 104, vendors 106, and OEMs 108 may communicate with each otherdirectly rather than via network 110.

Client computer 102 represents any of a wide variety of conventionalcomputing devices. Examples of client computers 102 include personalcomputers (e.g., portable, palm-top, or desktop computers),microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics (e.g., a“WEBTV” terminal or a gaming console), etc.

Supplier 104 represents the source of additional electronic content,such as software applications or other files including instructionsand/or data for a software application. Supplier 104 can be the actualauthor(s) of the electronic content, or alternatively an agent of theauthor(s) or other intervening device(s) between the actual author(s)and the network 110. The electronic content can be designed to be acomplete product by itself when executed by computer 102, oralternatively can be designed to work in conjunction with other softwareor hardware component(s).

Vendor 106 is a retailer of the electronic content provided by supplier104. Examples of vendor 106 include an Independent Software Vendor (ISV)or an Independent Hardware Vendor (IHV) that sell the electronic contentprovided by supplier 104 for use with computers 102.

OEM 108 is a manufacturer and retailer of computers 102. OEM 108 mayalso be a retailer of the electronic content provided by supplier 104.

FIG. 2 shows a general example of a computer 142 that can be used inaccordance with the invention. Computer 142 is shown as an example of acomputer that can perform the functions of client computer 102, supplier104, vendor 106, or OEM 108 of FIG. 1. Computer 142 includes one or moreprocessors or processing units 144, a system memory 146, and a systembus 148 that couples various system components including the systemmemory 146 to processors 144.

The bus 148 represents one or more of any of several types of busstructures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheralbus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus usingany of a variety of bus architectures. The system memory includes readonly memory (ROM) 150 and random access memory (RAM) 152. A basicinput/output system (BIOS) 154, containing the basic routines that helpto transfer information between elements within computer 142, such asduring start-up, is stored in ROM 150. Computer 142 further includes ahard disk drive 156 for reading from and writing to a hard disk, notshown, connected to bus 148 via a hard disk driver interface 157 (e.g.,a SCSI, ATA, or other type of interface); a magnetic disk drive 158 forreading from and writing to a removable magnetic disk 160, connected tobus 148 via a magnetic disk drive interface 161; and an optical diskdrive 162 for reading from or writing to a removable optical disk 164such as a CD ROM, DVD, or other optical media, connected to bus 148 viaan optical drive interface 165. The drives and their associatedcomputer-readable media provide nonvolatile storage of computer readableinstructions, data structures, program modules and other data forcomputer 142. Although the exemplary environment described hereinemploys a hard disk, a removable magnetic disk 160 and a removableoptical disk 164, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the artthat other types of computer readable media which can store data that isaccessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memorycards, digital video disks, random access memories (RAMs) read onlymemories (ROM), and the like, may also be used in the exemplaryoperating environment.

A number of program modules may be stored on the hard disk, magneticdisk 160, optical disk 164, ROM 150, or RAM 152, including an operatingsystem 170, one or more application programs 172, other program modules174, and program data 176. Operating system 170 can be any of a varietyof operating systems, such as any of the “Windows” family of operatingsystems available from Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash. A usermay enter commands and information into computer 142 through inputdevices such as keyboard 178 and pointing device 180. Other inputdevices (not shown) may include a microphone, joystick, game pad,satellite dish, scanner, or the like. These and other input devices areconnected to the processing unit 144 through an interface 182 that iscoupled to the system bus. A monitor 184 or other type of display deviceis also connected to the system bus 148 via an interface, such as avideo adapter 186. In addition to the monitor, personal computerstypically include other peripheral output devices (not shown) such asspeakers and printers.

Computer 142 can optionally operate in a networked environment usinglogical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remotecomputer 188. The remote computer 188 may be another personal computer,a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common networknode, and typically includes many or all of the elements described aboverelative to computer 142, although only a memory storage device 190 hasbeen illustrated in FIG. 2. The logical connections depicted in FIG. 2include a local area network (LAN) 192 and a wide area network (WAN)194. Such networking environments are commonplace in offices,enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets, and the Internet. In thedescribed embodiment of the invention, remote computer 188 executes anInternet Web browser program such as the “Internet Explorer” Web browsermanufactured and distributed by Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash.

When used in a LAN networking environment, computer 142 is connected tothe local network 192 through a network interface or adapter 196. Whenused in a WAN networking environment, computer 142 typically includes amodem 198 or other means for establishing communications over the widearea network 194, such as the Internet. The modem 198, which may beinternal or external, is connected to the system bus 148 via a serialport interface 168. In a networked environment, program modules depictedrelative to the personal computer 142, or portions thereof, may bestored in the remote memory storage device. It will be appreciated thatthe network connections shown are exemplary and other means ofestablishing a communications link between the computers may be used.

Computer 142 can also optionally include one or more broadcast tuners200. Broadcast tuner 200 receives broadcast signals either directly(e.g., analog or digital cable transmissions fed directly into tuner200) or via a reception device (e.g., via an antenna or satellite dish(not shown)).

Generally, the data processors of computer 142 are programmed by meansof instructions stored at different times in the variouscomputer-readable storage media of the computer. Programs and operatingsystems are typically distributed, for example, on floppy disks orCD-ROMs. From there, they are installed or loaded into the secondarymemory of a computer. At execution, they are loaded at least partiallyinto the computer's primary electronic memory. The invention describedherein includes these and other various types of computer-readablestorage media when such media contain instructions or programs forimplementing the steps described below in conjunction with amicroprocessor or other data processor. The invention also includes thecomputer itself when programmed according to the methods and techniquesdescribed below. Furthermore, certain sub-components of the computer maybe programmed to perform the functions and steps described below. Theinvention includes such sub-components when they are programmed asdescribed. In addition, the invention described herein includes datastructures, described below, as embodied on various types of memorymedia.

For purposes of illustration, programs and other executable programcomponents such as the operating system are illustrated herein asdiscrete blocks, although it is recognized that such programs andcomponents reside at various times in different storage components ofthe computer, and are executed by the data processor(s) of the computer.

In the discussion below, embodiments of the invention will be describedin the general context of computer-executable instructions, such asprogram modules, being executed by one or more conventional personalcomputers. Generally, program modules include routines, programs,objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasksor implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, those skilled inthe art will appreciate that various embodiments of the invention may bepracticed with other computer system configurations, including hand-helddevices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmableconsumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers,and the like. In a distributed computer environment, program modules maybe located in both local and remote memory storage devices.

Alternatively, embodiments of the invention can be implemented inhardware or a combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware. Forexample, one or more modules for implementing the invention can beembodied in one or more application specific integrated circuits(ASICs).

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating selected components of anexemplary client computer in more detail. Client computer 102 includesan operating system 200, one or more applications 202, and one or moredevice drivers 204. Operating system 200 controls the execution ofsoftware applications 202 on computer 102, provides a user interface toallow users to interact with operating system 200, and manages (with theassistance of device driver 204) the input and output of data andcontrol information to and from computer 102.

Applications 202 represent software applications that can be executed bycomputer 102. Any of a wide variety of software applications can beexecuted by computer 102, including productivity, recreational,educational, entertainment, etc. applications. Device drivers 204represent software modules that include instructions and/or data. Adevice driver 204 controls a corresponding peripheral device, allowingoperating system 200 to communicate with the peripheral device whencoupled to computer 102. Examples of such peripheral devices includeinput devices (such as digital cameras, scanners, keyboards, cursorcontrol devices, etc.), output devices (such as monitors, printers,etc.), and combinations thereof (e.g., modems, network adapters, etc.).

Selected components of operating system 200 are illustrated in FIG. 3,including device loader 206, application loader 208, digest catalog 210,cryptography module 212, access control list 214, file system module216, and upgrade module 220. Each of these components and modules 206,208, 210, 212, 214, 216, and 220 represents a set of instructions tocarry out various functions when executed by a processor, and areillustrated as separate components and modules for ease of illustration.Depending on the implementation of operating system 200, theseinstructions may be grouped together differently.

Device loader 206 includes instructions for loading device drivers 204stored in one or more files of nonvolatile memory into the volatilesystem RAM. Once loaded into system RAM, the processor of computer 102can execute (or otherwise access) the drivers, enabling operating system200 to communicate with the corresponding peripheral devices.

Similarly, application loader 208 includes instructions for loadingapplications 202 stored in one or more files of nonvolatile memory intothe volatile system RAM. Once loaded into system RAM, the processor ofcomputer 102 can execute (or otherwise access) the application. Itshould be noted that although device drivers and applications are loadedinto system RAM, at various times some of their instructions may bestored in nonvolatile memory instead (e.g., using a conventional “swap”file on a hard disk).

Digest catalog 210 stores digitally signed identifiers of the variousapplications 202 and device drivers 204 that should be executable oncomputer 102. Applications and drivers that “should be executable” oncomputer 102 refers to applications and/or drivers for which a supplier104 of FIG. 1 has given their permission to execute on computer 102,rather than a technical or compatibility issue with computer 102.

Cryptography module 212 performs the necessary cryptographic functionsof the invention, including generating and verifying digital signatures,encrypting and decrypting information, generating hash values fromcryptographic hash functions, etc. The discussion herein assumes thatthe reader is familiar with public key cryptography. For a basicintroduction to cryptography, the reader is directed to a text writtenby Bruce Schneier and entitled, “Applied Cryptography: Protocols,Algorithms, and Source Code in C,” published by John Wiley & Sons,copyright 1994 (second edition 1996).

Access control list 214 stores a set of one or more entities that areallowed to modify digest catalog 210. An entity can be an individual orgroup of individuals, or alternatively machines (e.g., an identifier ofsupplier 104 or OEM 108 of FIG. 1). The identity of any entity trying tomodify digest 210 is checked by operating system 200. If the entity isnot identified in access control list 214, then any attempts to modifydigest catalog 210 are ignored by operating system 200.

File system module 216 manages the storage of applications 202 anddevice drivers 204, as well as application data files (not shown) in thenonvolatile storage device(s) of computer 102.

Certain functions of operating system 200 may not be available to theuser, illustrated as restricted portion 218. Functionality of operatingsystem 200 may be restricted, for example, in exchange for a lowerpurchase price for computer 102. However, upon certain conditions beingsatisfied, an optional upgrade module 220 can “unlock” restrictedportion 218 making the restricted functionality available to the user.Such restricted functionality and “unlocking” is discussed in moredetail below.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating the distribution of a sealedcomputer and the unlocking of restricted functionality in accordancewith one embodiment of the invention. A sealed computer 232 isdistributed from a vendor or OEM 234 to a consumer 236. Sealed computer232 can be, for example, client computer 102 of FIGS. 1 and 3, whilevendor or OEM 234 can be, for example, vendor 106 or OEM 108 of FIG. 1.In exchange for sealed computer 232, consumer 236 provides an agreedupon sum of money 238 (or alternatively other compensation) to vendor orOEM 234.

Sealed computer 232 includes various software applications and devicedrivers for a general purpose open architecture operating system.However, additional software applications and device drivers cannot beadded to the computer 232, thereby “sealing” the computer andrestricting it to executing only specified software applications anddevice drivers.

The sealing of computer 232 ensures that consumer 236 is limited toexecuting only specific applications and device drivers (e.g., onlythose applications that are installed on computer 232 by vendor/OEM 234and included on computer 232 at the time it is distributed to consumer236). By preventing additional device drivers from being installed oncomputer 232, consumer 236 is further prevented from adding anyadditional peripheral devices (which would require an additional devicedriver(s)) to computer 232.

Purchase of a sealed computer 232 can be a great benefit for consumer236. For example, consumer 236 could purchase a sealed computer at alower price 238 than he or she would have paid for a non-sealedcomputer.

A computer 102 of FIG. 3 can be “sealed” using features of operatingsystem 200. Digest catalog 210 is loaded with a digitally signed hashvalue (or alternatively other identifier) for the applications 202 anddevice drivers 204 that can be executed by computer 102. Operatingsystem 200 allows only entities identified by access control list 214 tomodify digest catalog 210, so unauthorized individuals/devices are notable to add hash values for additional applications or device drivers todigest catalog 210.

When a user wants to execute a particular software application 202,application loader 208 generates a hash value for the application 202and checks whether a corresponding digitally signed hash value exists indigest catalog 210. If such a digitally signed hash value exists, thenloader 208 loads the application; otherwise, loader 208 does not loadthe application. Analogous checks are performed by device loader 206prior to loading a device driver 204 for use with a particular hardwaredevice.

Other techniques for sealing the computer 102 can also be used, eitherin addition to or in place of the use of digest catalog 210 discussedabove. For example, file system module 216 can prevent the alteration ofthe files stored on the storage devices of computer 102, such as byignoring any requests to add or delete files. File system module 216 canprevent the alteration of files based on their location within thestorage hierarchy of the storage devices (e.g., files cannot be deletedfrom particular folders or directories), based on their location on thestorage device (e.g., files cannot be written to particular sectors of ahard disk), or alternatively without regard for the location of thefiles.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary process for creatingdigest catalog 210 of FIG. 3. The acts of FIG. 5 are implemented bysupplier 104, vendor 106, or OEM 108 of FIG. 1, or a combinationthereof, and may be performed in software. FIG. 5 is described withadditional reference to components in FIGS. 1 and 3.

Initially, a file that is to be accessible at the computer device isselected (act 252), such as a file including instructions for anapplication 202 or device driver 204. A hash value is then generated forthe selected file (act 254). The hash value can be generated using anyof a wide variety of conventional hash functions, includingcryptographic one-way hash functions. Typically, such hash functionsproduce a different hash value for different input values.

The generated hash value is then digitally signed (act 256). The hashvalue can be digitally signed using any of a wide variety ofconventional encryption techniques, such as the well-known RSA (Rivest,Shamir, and Adelman) public-key encryption technique. By digitallysigning the hash value, device loader 206 or application loader 208 cansubsequently verify that the hash value was signed by the appropriatedevice (e.g., supplier 104, vendor 106, or OEM 108) as discussed in moredetail below.

The digitally signed hash value is then added to the digest catalog 210(act 258). A check is then made as to whether any additional files areto be accessible at the computer (act 260). If no additional files areto be accessible at the computer, then the process ends (act 262).Otherwise, acts 252-258 are repeated for an additional file.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary process for using digestcatalog 210 of FIG. 3 in accessing files. The acts of FIG. 6 areimplemented by device loader 206 if a device driver 204 is to be loaded,and by application loader 208 if an application 202 is to be loaded. Theprocess of FIG. 6 may be performed in software. FIG. 6 is described withadditional reference to components in FIGS. 1, 3 and 5.

Eventually, a request to load a software application 202 or devicedriver 204 is received (act 272). In response to the request,application loader 208 (or device loader 206) generates a hash value forthe file(s) including the requested application (or device driver) (act274). The hash function used to generate the hash value in act 274 isthe same hash function as was used to generate the hash value in act 254of FIG. 5.

Application loader 208 (or device loader 206) then decrypts the hashvalues in digest catalog 210 (act 276). The manner in which the hashvalues are decrypted is dependent on the manner in which they wereencrypted. By way of example, if RSA public-key encryption was used todigitally sign the hash values in act 256 of FIG. 5, then the public keyfor the signing device is used by loader 208 (or loader 206) in aconventional manner to decrypt the hash values.

Once decrypted, loader 208 (or loader 206) compares the decrypted hashvalues to the hash value generated in act 274 (act 278), and determineswhether the generated hash value matches any of the decrypted hashvalues. If there is no match, then the request is denied and therequested software application 202 or device driver 204 is not loaded(act 282). However, if there is a match, then the request is executedand the requested software application 202 or device driver 204 isloaded and executed (act 284).

Thus, even if a user were to obtain additional application or devicedriver files and add them to computer 102, he or she would be unable toexecute the corresponding application or driver as loader 206 or loader208 would not load the files. Additionally, in some situations the userwould be prevented from installing the application or device driver oncomputer 102. For example, many applications include an executable“setup” file that is executed by the processor of computer 102 and thatcontrols the installation of the necessary files for the application. Insuch situations, if a digitally signed hash value for the setup file isnot included in digest catalog 210, then the setup file could not beloaded and executed on computer 102.

Returning to FIG. 3, computer 102 may be a restricted device that can besubsequently upgraded. For example, certain functions may be stored inrestricted portion 218 and thus be unavailable to the user. However,under the appropriate circumstances, the instructions in restrictedportion 218 can be made available to the user.

Functionality of operating system 200 can be restricted in a variety ofmanners in addition to or in place of the use of digest catalog 210described above. In accordance with one embodiment, the instructionsthat are executed by a processor to carry out the restricted functionsare contained, in encrypted form, in restricted portion 218 of operatingsystem 200. These instructions may be grouped together in particularfiles that are encrypted, or alternatively distributed (in encryptedform) throughout the instructions of operating system 200.

Referring again to FIG. 4, a digital key 240 can be obtained fromvendor/OEM 234 in exchange for an agreed upon sum of money (oralternatively other compensation) 242. Digital key 240 is used to“unlock” or otherwise make available the restricted functionality of therestricted (or alternatively sealed) computer.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary process for unlockingrestricted functionality on a computer. The acts of FIG. 7 areimplemented by upgrade module 220 of FIG. 3, and may be performed insoftware. FIG. 7 is described with additional reference to components inFIGS. 1 and 5.

Initially, upgrade module 220 obtains a digital key to unlock the fullversion of the operating system (act 302). The digital key is then usedto turn off or disable the lock down mechanisms(s) at the computer (act304). In one implementation, the lock down mechanisms are disabled bydisabling the signature checking of device loader 206 and applicationloader 208 described above if the digital key is verified as being fromthe appropriate vendor (or OEM or supplier). This verification can beperformed, for example, using the RSA public key of the vendor (or OEMor supplier).

The digital key is also used to decrypt any necessary files to generatethe full version of the operating system (act 306). In oneimplementation, this decryption includes decrypting all of theinstructions in restricted portion 218. The exact manner in which thedecryption occurs is dependent on the manner in which the files wereoriginally encrypted (which is known to upgrade module 220, oralternatively which is provided to upgrade module 220 by the appropriatevendor, OEM, or supplier).

The digital key can be used to decrypt the necessary files to generatethe full version of the operating system (act 306) in any of a varietyof manners. By way of example, the digital key obtained in act 302 maybe (or may include) an RSA public key corresponding to the RSA privatekey that was used to encrypt the files prior to their placement incomputer 102. This RSA public key can be used in a conventional mannerto decrypt the encrypted files. The full version functionality of theoperating system is then installed (act 308), making all of thefunctions in restricted portion 218 available to the user.

Returning again to FIG. 3, a computer 102 may be limited to executingonly certain software applications 202 and/or device drivers 204, withdevice loader 206 and application loader 208 loading only those devicedrivers and applications that have a corresponding encrypted hash valuein digest catalog 210. Additional applications 202 and device drivers204 can be made available to the user of computer 102 by adding theappropriate digitally signed hash values to digest catalog 210. Thus,for example, a user could purchase an additional software application(or peripheral device with an associated device driver) and be able toexecute that application (or peripheral/driver) by adding theappropriate digitally signed hash value(s) corresponding to the files ofthe application (or driver) to the digest catalog 210.

FIG. 8 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the distribution ofdigital signatures to add software applications and/or device drivers toa computer. Such applications or drivers can be new applications ordrivers that the consumer has not previously installed, or alternativelycan be updates or upgrades for previously installed applications. In thecase of upgrades or updates, new digital signatures can be obtained forthe files that are updated/upgraded. A consumer 322 (using clientcomputer 102 of FIGS. 1 and 3) provides an agreed upon sum of money 324(or alternatively other compensation) to vendor 326 in order to add thedesired software applications and/or device drivers to his or hercomputer. Vendor 326 in turn provides an agreed upon sum of money 328(or alternatively other compensation) to supplier 330.

Supplier 330 provides a digital signature 332 to vendor 326, which inturn provides digital signature 332 to consumer 322. By distributingdigital signatures in the manner illustrated in FIG. 8, supplier 330becomes the central authority for the distribution of the digitalsignatures.

Supplier 330 can optionally insist that vendor 326 satisfy variousstandards in order to obtain a digital signature. For example, supplier330 may verify the identity of vendor 326 (e.g., using public keyencryption techniques) and/or obtain assurances from vendor 326 thatimproper actions will not be taken with digital signature(s) it receivesfrom supplier 330.

Additionally, supplier 330 may optionally provide a sum of money 334 (oralternatively other compensation) to an OEM 336 based on the receipt ofmoney 328. Supplier 330 may do so, for example, to provide an additionalincentive to OEM 336 to market/advertise products for which supplier 330provides digital signatures 332.

By distributing digital signatures in the manner illustrated in FIG. 8,supplier 330 maintains control over who is able to purchase and use itsapplications and/or device drivers. This control is maintainedregardless of which vendor or OEM a user purchases the applicationand/or device drivers from.

FIG. 9 is another exemplary flow diagram illustrating the distributionof digital signatures to add software applications and/or device driversto a computer. Such applications or drivers can be new applications ordrivers that the consumer has not previously installed, or alternativelycan be updates or upgrades for previously installed applications. In thecase of upgrades or updates, new digital signatures can be obtained forthe files that are updated/upgraded. The discussion of FIG. 9 is madewith additional reference to elements in FIG. 3. A consumer 352 (using aclient computer 102 of FIGS. 1 and 3) requests the ability to use aparticular software application or device driver that is not alreadyavailable to him or her on computer 102. This request is transmitted toOEM 354 either directly from consumer 352 or alternatively via vendor356.

Consumer 352 provides an agreed upon sum of money 358 (or alternativelyother compensation) to OEM in exchange for a digital signature that canbe added to digest catalog 210. The digital signature can be provideddirectly to consumer 352 from OEM 354 (illustrated as digital signature360), or alternatively via vendor 356 (illustrated as digital signature362).

The digital signature that OEM 354 can provide to consumer 352 isreceived from supplier 364. Supplier 364 generates a digital signature(e.g., a digitally signed hash value) 366 for the application or devicedriver file(s) that correspond to the request of consumer 352. Thisdigital signature 366 may be provided to consumer 352 as digitalsignature 360 or 362. Alternatively, OEM 354 may also digitally signdigital signature 366 and provide the resultant digital signature toconsumer 352 as signature 360 or 362. Alternatively, supplier 364 maydigitally sign files in different manners for different OEMs, therebyalleviating OEM 354 from having to re-sign the signatures it receivesbut still tying the digital signature to OEM 354.

OEM 354 also provides an agreed upon sum of money 368 (or alternativelyother compensation) to supplier 364 in exchange for the digitalsignature 366. OEM 354 may also provide an agreed upon sum of money 370(or alternatively other compensation) to vendor 356 (e.g., if therequest for the ability to use the particular software application ordevice driver came from vendor 356, or if the digital signature isprovided to consumer 352 via vendor 356).

Distributing digital signatures in the manner illustrated in FIG. 9allows OEM 354 to maintain control over which applications and devicedrivers are executed on a computer. For example, if OEM 354 is themanufacturer of computer 102, OEM 354 can include digital signatures foronly certain applications and device drivers in digest catalog 210during the manufacturing process. Access control list 214 is alsolimited to include only OEM 354, thereby allowing only OEM 354 to alterthe contents of digest catalog 210. These limitations on computer 102limit the consumer to executing additional applications or devicedrivers only by obtaining the appropriate digital signatures for such,and the digital signatures can only come from OEM 354 (otherwise, theywould not be added to digest catalog 210).

Consumer 352 can receive significant benefit from such a distributionmethod, as the cost of the initial computer 102 can be reduced;additional costs would be incurred only if and when consumer 352 wantsthe ability to execute the additional software applications or devicedrivers.

Furthermore, by obtaining subsequent software applications and devicedrivers directly from the same OEM as manufactured the computer, anadditional level of assurance can be provided to the consumer that therequested applications/drivers will execute properly on computer 102.For example, a computer as described herein that cost the same amount—ormore—would be advantageous to people because the OEM would allow only“high quality” (e.g., tested and verified) drivers and/or applicationsto be run on the computer, resulting in a more reliable experience forthe end user.

Digest catalog 210 can be located locally at computer 102, oralternatively can be located at a remote location or separated amongcomputer 102 and one or more remote locations.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating the remote storage of a digestcatalog in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. A computer102 is coupled to communicate with a server 382 via a datacommunications network 110. Server 382 can be any of a wide variety ofconventional computing devices, such as computer 142 of FIG. 2. Server382 further includes digest catalog 384.

In order to execute a particular software application or device driver,the appropriate loader 206 or 208 communicates over network 110 withserver 382. The digitally signed hash value(s) for the files of therequested application or driver are compared to those in digest catalog384 and loaded only if a match is found. This comparison can beperformed locally at client 102 (e.g., by loaders 206 and 208) oralternatively remotely at server 382 and an indication returned tocomputer 102 from server 382 of the result of the comparison.

A consumer may provide monetary or other compensation to the owner ofserver 382 (e.g., OEM 354 of FIG. 9) in exchange for access to digestcatalog 384. Such access may be for a limited time, such as monthly orannually. Such scenarios allow a user to obtain the ability to executewhatever applications/drivers are identified in digest catalog 384,which may be, for example, all of the software applications and driversthat are distributed by OEM 354. Such applications and drivers could becontinually updated by OEM 354, thereby continually providing theconsumer with the latest upgrades and versions of the applications anddrivers.

The distribution models discussed above provide various techniques forexpanding and/or contracting user rights. After distribution of acomputer to a user, the user's rights can be expanded and/or contractedby, for example, a supplier 104 or OEM 108. The computer will notexecute applications and/or drivers for which the user does not haveappropriate rights, thereby limiting the user's ability to use thecomputer beyond the agreed upon rights.

Although the description above uses language that is specific tostructural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understoodthat the invention defined in the appended claims is not limited to thespecific features or acts described. Rather, the specific features andacts are disclosed as exemplary forms of implementing the invention.

1. One or more computer-readable media having stored thereon a set ofinstructions that, when executed by one or more processors, causes theone or more processors to perform acts including: executing a firstcomputer program of a plurality of computer programs; and restricting atleast a second computer program of the plurality of computer programsfrom being executed by the one or more processors, wherein the secondcomputer program can be unrestricted in exchange for an agreed upon sumof money, wherein the first computer program comprises an operatingsystem.
 2. One or more computer-readable media as recited in claim 1,wherein the restricting comprises executing computer programs other thanthe at least one computer program included in files that have beenproperly digitally signed.